Surgery: Archives

Trauma care October 10, 2025

Understanding Trauma from Different Types of Accidents

Accidents can happen anywhere, anytime, and to anyone. Whether it’s a road accident, a fall, or an injury during sports, accidents can cause physical trauma that affects our daily lives. While some injuries heal quickly, others may require medical attention and long-term care. Beyond the physical pain, accidents can also have a lasting impact on our mental well-being. In this article, we’ll explore different types of accidents and the trauma they can cause while also looking at how to stay safe and when to seek medical help.

Road Traffic Accidents

Road traffic accidents are one of the most common causes of trauma. Whether you’re a driver, passenger, or pedestrian, road accidents may lead to a wide range of injuries. These accidents can cause anything from mild bruising to more serious injuries such as fractures, head traumas, or internal bleeding.

The trauma from road accidents can vary depending on the severity of the crash. Some people may walk away with minor injuries, while others may need medical attention and long-term rehabilitation. Wearing a seatbelt, following traffic rules, and staying alert while driving is some of the best ways to avoid road traffic accidents.

Falls and Slips

Falls and slips are another common type of accident that can lead to trauma. These accidents often happen at home, in public places, or at work. Slipping on wet floors, tripping over obstacles, or falling from heights can cause injuries like sprains, fractures, and, in severe cases, head injuries. Falls are especially harmful for older people because they are more prone to cause shattered bones and other catastrophic injuries.For children, falls can happen while playing or running, leading to bumps and bruises. To prevent falls, it’s important to keep walkways clear, use handrails when climbing stairs, and ensure proper lighting in all areas.

Workplace and Industrial Accidents

Workplace and industrial accidents can occur in a variety of settings, especially in industries that involve machinery, heavy lifting, or hazardous materials. These accidents can result in a variety of injuries, from cuts and burns to more catastrophic damage such as amputations or crush injuries.

In factories or construction sites, workers may face the risk of falling objects, slips, and machinery malfunctions. For office workers, repetitive strain injuries or falls can also occur. Following safety protocols, wearing protective gear, and being aware of your surroundings are important steps in preventing workplace accidents.

Sports and Recreational Injuries

Injuries occur frequently during sports and recreational activities, particularly among individuals who participate in contact sports such as football, hockey, or rugby. These activities can lead to fractures, sprains, and concussions. Even non-contact activities, such as cycling or jogging, can result in injuries like torn muscles or twisted ankles.

While staying active is important for our health, it’s equally important to play sports safely. Warming up before activities, using the right gear, and following safety rules can reduce the risk of injuries. In recreational activities like swimming or hiking, always be cautious and aware of your surroundings to avoid accidents.

The Psychological Impact of Accidents

Physical injuries are not the only trauma people face after an accident. The psychological impact of accidents can be just as significant, if not more so. People who have been in major accidents may acquire post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, or depression.

The emotional toll of an accident can include feelings of fear, helplessness, and worry about the future. Some people may have difficulty sleeping, experience flashbacks, or feel anxious when engaging in activities that remind them of the accident. This psychological trauma can affect a person’s daily life, relationships, and overall well-being.

Getting support from friends, family, or a counsellor can help you cope with the emotional repercussions of an accident. It’s important to remember that healing takes time, both physically and mentally.

Prevention and Safety Measures

While accidents are unpredictable, taking steps to prevent them is crucial. Here are some simple safety measures to reduce the risk of accidents:

On the road: Always wear your seatbelt, follow speed limits, and avoid distractions like using your phone while driving. Pedestrians should utilize crosswalks and exercise caution when crossing streets.
At home: Keep your floors dry, clear walkways, and use non-slip mats in areas such as the bathroom and kitchen. Install handrails on staircases and keep your home well-lit.
At work: Follow safety protocols, use protective equipment when needed, and report any hazards to your supervisor. In offices, maintain good posture and take breaks to avoid repetitive strain injuries.
During sports: Always wear the proper gear, warm up before activities, and stay hydrated. Follow the rules of the game and avoid pushing yourself too hard.

By taking these steps, you can significantly reduce the chances of accidents and minimize the trauma associated with them.

When to Seek Medical Help

Sometimes, the trauma from an accident is mild and can be treated at home with rest and basic first aid. However, there are certain situations where it’s important to seek medical help immediately. Here are a few signs that medical attention is needed:

Severe pain: If you’re in intense pain or have difficulty moving a part of your body, it’s a sign that you may have a serious injury.
Bleeding: Any heavy or uncontrolled bleeding should be treated by a medical professional.
Head injuries: If you hit your head during an accident and feel dizzy, confused, or experiencing nausea, it’s important to get checked by a doctor.
Breathing problems: Difficulty breathing, chest pain, or shortness of breath after an accident could signal internal injuries or trauma.
Unconsciousness: If someone loses consciousness, even for a short time, it’s critical to seek medical help immediately.

Listening to your body and getting help when needed can prevent minor injuries from becoming more serious.

Conclusion

Accidents can happen unexpectedly and lead to various types of trauma, both physical and emotional. While it’s important to focus on healing physically, don’t forget to pay attention to your mental health as well. If you ever experience an accident, know when to seek medical help and take steps to prevent future injuries.

References:

Peripheral Vascular October 10, 2025

Peripheral Vascular Disease: How to Recognize and Manage It Early

Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) is a common but an often overlooked condition that affects the blood vessels other than the heart and brain. These blood vessels carry oxygen-rich blood to your limbs, and when they’re narrowed or blocked, it can lead to serious health problems. Early diagnosis and management of PVD can make a significant difference in preventing complications and improving your quality of life. In this blog, let’s learn what PVD is, how to recognize its signs and symptoms, and ways to manage and prevent it effectively.

What is Peripheral Vascular Disease?

PVD is a condition that occurs when blood vessels in the legs, arms, or other peripheral parts of the body become narrowed or blocked. This is usually caused by the buildup of fatty deposits in the arteries, reducing blood flow. Over time, this reduced circulation can lead to pain, mobility issues, and even more severe complications like ulcers or infections.

Importance of Early Detection

Detecting PVD early is crucial for preventing its progression. When it’s in the early stages, you can usually manage it with simple lifestyle modifications and treatments. But if it progresses, it might need more serious interventions. That’s why it’s so important to know the symptoms and talk to a doctor right away. Acting quickly can lower your risk of complications and keep your vascular health in check.

Types of PVD

PVD is broadly classified into two main types:

Functional PVD: This type is caused by spasms in the blood vessels that temporarily limit blood flow. It is often triggered by cold temperatures or stress. ^[2][MJ1]
Organic PVD: This is caused by structural changes in the blood vessels, such as narrowing or blockages due to fatty deposits (atherosclerosis).

Risk Factors for PVD

Several factors can increase your risk of developing PVD, including:

Smoking
High blood pressure or cholesterol
Diabetes
Being overweight
Lack of physical activity
Family history of vascular disease

People over 50 years of age or those with a history of cardiovascular issues are also at higher risk.

Recognizing Early Signs and Symptoms of PVD

Stage	Symptoms	Details to Watch For
Common Symptoms	Pain or cramping in the legs or hips during physical exertion, relieved with rest (claudication).	– Numbness, weakness, or a heavy feeling in the legs. – Coldness in the lower legs or feet compared to the rest of the body.
Subtle Early Signs	Slow-healing wounds or sores on the legs or feet.	– Change in skin color, such as pale or bluish tone. – Shiny skin or loss of hair on the affected area.
Advanced Symptoms	Severe pain in the legs, even at rest.	– Non-healing ulcers or infections on the feet. – Tissue damage that may require surgery or, in severe cases, amputation.

Importance of Early Diagnosis and Screening

Who Should Get Screened?

Screening is essential for people who:

Have a history of diabetes/family history, high blood pressure, or high cholesterol.
Smoke or have smoked in the past.
Experience symptoms like leg pain or non-healing wounds.

Diagnostic Tests for PVD

When it comes to diagnosing PVD, doctors have a few key tools to figure out what’s going on. One common test is the Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI), which compares the blood pressure in your ankle and arm to spot any reduced blood flow. ^[5][MJ1] They might also use an ultrasound, which uses sound waves to get a clear picture of how blood is flowing in your arteries/veins. If more detail is needed, there’s angiography, an imaging with a diagnostic test that pinpoints blockages in your blood vessels.

Getting screened early makes a huge difference—it allows doctors to create a personalized treatment plan to keep the condition under control.

Management and Treatment Options for PVD

Managing PVD involves a combination of lifestyle modifications, medications, and, in some cases, medical procedures.

Lifestyle Modifications:
- Quit smoking to improve blood circulation.
- Adopt a healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains to reduce cholesterol.
- Engage in regular physical activity, such as walking, to improve blood flow.
Medications:

In some cases, medications may be prescribed to manage symptoms or reduce the risk of progression of the disease.

Medical Procedures:

For severe cases, interventions like angioplasty (widening of the artery) or bypass surgery may be recommended to restore blood flow.

Preventive Measures to Protect Vascular Health

Prevention is key to maintaining healthy blood vessels. Here are some tips to protect your vascular health:

Stay Physically Active: Regular exercise helps improve circulation and strengthens your heart.
Eat a Balanced Diet: Focus on foods low in saturated fats and high in fiber to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis.
Monitor Your Health: Keep your blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar levels under control.
Avoid Smoking: Smoking damages blood vessels and significantly increases the risk of PVD.

Taking these steps early in life can greatly reduce your chances of developing PVD and other vascular issues.

When to Seek Medical Help

It’s important to consult a doctor if you experience:

Persistent leg pain during activities that improves with rest.
Non-healing sores or wounds on your feet.
Unexplained numbness, weakness, or coldness in the legs.
Sudden and severe leg pain accompanied by swelling or discolouration.

Timely medical attention can prevent complications and ensure the best possible outcomes for your vascular health.

Conclusion

Peripheral Vascular Disease is a serious but manageable condition when detected early. By recognizing the symptoms, understanding the risk factors, and adopting healthy lifestyle habits, you can protect your vascular health and improve your quality of life.

Don’t ignore signs like leg pain or slow-healing wounds—these could be your body’s way of signaling a vascular issue.

References:

Hernia October 10, 2025

Hernia or Muscle Strain? How to Tell the Difference

Ever felt a sharp pull or discomfort in your stomach or groin area after lifting something heavy or working out too hard? You might wonder—is it just a muscle strain, or could it be something more serious like a hernia? While both conditions can cause similar symptoms, they are quite different and need different treatments. Let’s break it down in the simplest way to help you understand the difference and know when to seek help.

What Is a Hernia? Causes and Common Signs

A hernia happens when an internal organ, like the intestine, pushes through a weak spot in your muscle or tissue. It’s like something inside your body trying to poke out where it shouldn’t. This can happen in your belly, groin, or near the belly button. A hernia usually develops from things that increase pressure in the abdomen.

Causes

Common causes include heavy lifting, straining while passing stools, chronic coughing, or being overweight. Some people are even born with weak abdominal muscles that make a hernia more likely.

Signs

The most common signs include a visible bulge in the affected area—especially when you stand, cough, or lift ^[1][MJ1] . This bulge might disappear when you lie down. You may feel a dull ache, pressure, or even a dragging sensation. Sometimes, hernias cause no pain at all in the beginning but become painful over time.

What Is a Muscle Strain? How It Happens and Key Symptoms

A muscle strain happens when the muscle fibres get overstretched or torn. It usually occurs after sudden movements, lifting something too heavy, or overusing a muscle during sports or exercise. Sometimes, even slipping or awkward bending can cause a strain.

The symptoms of a muscle strain are usually quite sudden. You may feel a sharp or burning pain at the time of injury. The area can become swollen, tender to touch, and even bruised. Muscle movement can be painful, and the affected muscle may feel weak or stiff. In most cases, strains improve with rest, ice, and gentle care within a few days to weeks.

Spotting the Differences: Hernia vs. Muscle Strain

Here are some simple ways to tell the difference between a hernia and a muscle strain:

A hernia often causes a soft bulge in the groin or abdomen that you can see or feel.
Muscle strains usually do not cause a visible lump.
Pain from a hernia tends to feel like pressure or a dull ache and may worsen when coughing, lifting, or bending.
Muscle strain pain is sharper and more sudden and is felt during muscle movement.
A hernia does not go away with rest, while a muscle strain typically improves with rest, ice, and time.
A hernia might come and go depending on body position; muscle strain pain stays constant until healed.

When the Pain Gets Worse: What Each Condition Feels Like

Hernia pain usually builds up slowly. You might feel discomfort after eating, standing for long, or lifting something heavy. The ache may become more noticeable over time. If the hernia gets trapped or stuck, the pain can suddenly become severe.

In contrast, a muscle strain usually hurts right after the activity that caused it. The pain is sharper, more localized, and worsens when you try to move that muscle. Rest usually brings relief.

Physical Clues: Swelling, Bulges, and Movement Limitations

A hernia may look like a small bump or swelling that gets bigger when you cough or strain. You might even be able to gently push it back in. On the other hand, a muscle strain causes swelling and sometimes bruising, but there’s no bulge. Moving the affected area can be painful or limited in both cases, but the presence of a bulge is a strong clue for a hernia.

Risk Factors: Who Is More Likely to Get a Hernia or a Strain?

Certain people are more likely to develop a hernia. These include individuals who frequently lift heavy objects, those who are overweight, people with chronic coughing or constipation, smokers, and men—especially for groin hernias. Some people are also born with weak abdominal walls, making them more prone to hernias.

Muscle strains are more likely in people who are very active, such as athletes, or those who suddenly increase their physical activity. Not warming up before exercise, poor posture, or repeating the same motion can also lead to strains. Older adults with less flexible muscles are at a higher risk too.

Diagnosis: How Doctors Identify the Right Condition

Doctors usually start with a physical exam and questions about your symptoms. For a hernia, they may ask you to cough or strain while standing to see if a bulge appears. They might also suggest an ultrasound or CT scan to confirm it.

For a muscle strain, the doctor will check your range of motion, muscle strength, and where it hurts. Imaging tests like MRI or ultrasound might be used if the strain seems severe or doesn’t improve.

Treatment Approaches for Each Condition

Hernias often need surgery to repair the weak spot in the muscle wall and push the organ back into place. Some small hernias can be managed for a while without surgery if they don’t cause much discomfort, but they don’t go away on their own.

Muscle strains usually heal with rest and simple care. The R.I.C.E method—rest, ice, compression, and elevation—is the go-to home treatment. Over-the-counter pain relievers and gentle stretching or physiotherapy may help in recovery. Most people recover fully within a few weeks.

When to Seek Medical Attention and Why Early Detection Matters

If you notice a bulge in your belly or groin that doesn’t go away or feels painful, it’s time to see a doctor. A hernia can become serious if it gets trapped and cuts off blood flow. This is an emergency and needs quick treatment.

For muscle strains, if your pain doesn’t improve in a few days, or if it worsens, get it checked. You might have a deeper injury that needs special care.

Conclusion

Knowing whether you’re dealing with a hernia or a muscle strain can save you time, pain, and stress. Watch for signs like a bulge, sharp pain, or muscle weakness. Remember, hernias usually stick around and may need surgery, while muscle strains often heal with rest. If in doubt, always check with a doctor. Early attention can prevent bigger problems later.

Citations

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15757-hernia#:~:text=One%20telltale%20sign%20of%20a%20hernia%20is%20a%20visible%20lump%20or%20bulge%20that%20appears%20during%20certain%20activities%20or%20in%20certain%20physical%20positions%20and%20goes%20back%20in%20at%20other%20times.

C-Section/Caesarean September 12, 2025

When is a C-Section Necessary? Reasons and Considerations

Childbirth is an amazing journey, but it doesn’t always go as planned. While most pregnancies lead to natural deliveries, some may need a cesarean section, or C-section, to ensure the safety of both the mother and baby. If you’re curious about when a C-section might be needed, this guide will walk you through the reasons, types, and what to consider.

What is a C-Section?

A C-section is a surgical procedure used to deliver a baby through incisions made in the mother’s abdomen and uterus. It is usually recommended when a vaginal delivery is not safe for the mother, the baby, or both. Depending on the circumstances, a C-section can be planned ahead of time or performed as an emergency procedure during labour.

Medical Reasons for a C-Section

There are several medical reasons why a doctor might recommend a C-section. These can be broadly categorized into maternal factors, fetal factors, and labor-related factors.

Maternal Factors

Health Conditions: Some maternal health conditions, such as high blood pressure or infections, might make a C-section necessary.
Previous C-Section: Women who have had a C-section before may need another if a vaginal delivery poses risks.
Pelvic Issues: A narrow pelvis or other abnormalities can make it difficult for the baby to pass through the birth canal.

Fetal Factors

Abnormal Position: If the baby is in a breech (feet-first) or transverse (sideways) position, a C-section may be safer.
Multiple Births: Carrying twins, triplets, or more can increase the need for a cesarean, especially if the babies are not positioned well.
Fetal Distress: If the baby shows signs of distress, such as an abnormal heart rate, a quick delivery via C-section might be required.

Labour and Delivery Factors

Prolonged Labor: If labour isn’t progressing despite efforts to induce or stimulate it, a C-section may be the best option.
Obstruction: Situations like an umbilical cord prolapse (when the cord slips into the birth canal before the baby) can necessitate immediate intervention.

Elective C-Sections

An elective C-section is planned in advance and is not based on medical emergencies. Some parents opt for this method to schedule their baby’s delivery or avoid the unpredictability of labour. While elective C-sections are becoming more common, it’s important to weigh the pros and cons with your healthcare provider.

Emergency C-Sections

Emergency C-sections occur when complications arise during labour or delivery. These situations require quick action to ensure the safety of the mother and baby. Common reasons for an emergency C-section include sudden fetal distress, excessive bleeding, or stalled labour.

Risks and Considerations of a C-Section

While C-sections are generally safe, it’s important to be aware of potential risks. However, healthcare professionals carefully manage these risks to minimize complications.

For the Mother

Longer Recovery Time: C-sections involve surgery, so recovery usually takes longer than with a vaginal delivery.
Surgical Risks: There’s a small chance of infection, blood loss, or reactions to anaesthesia.

For the Baby

Breathing Difficulties: Some babies delivered by C-section might have temporary breathing issues, especially if born before 39 weeks.
Adjustment to Environment: Babies delivered via C-section may take a little longer to adjust to the outside world compared to those born vaginally.

Emotional and Psychological Considerations

It’s natural for parents to have mixed feelings about needing a C-section. Some may feel disappointed if they were hoping for a natural delivery, while others may feel relieved to know that their baby is safe. Open communication with your healthcare provider and support system can help ease these emotions.

How to Prepare for a C-Section

If you’re scheduled for a C-section, a little preparation can make the experience smoother.

Discuss the Procedure: Talk to your doctor about what to expect before, during, and after the surgery.
Pack Smart: Include items like comfortable clothing, snacks, and essentials for the baby in your hospital bag.
Arrange Support: Having a family member or friend to assist during recovery can make a big difference.
Focus on Nutrition: Eating a balanced diet in the weeks leading up to delivery can support healing and overall health.
Stay Positive: Remember, the goal is a safe delivery for both you and your baby, regardless of the method.

Conclusion

A C-section is a procedure that helps ensure the safety of both mother and baby during childbirth. While it may not be the delivery method you expected, it’s sometimes the safest choice in certain situations. Knowing why a C-section might be needed and how to prepare for it can make the experience less overwhelming. Whether planned or unexpected, what truly matters is that both mom and baby are healthy. Trust your healthcare provider to support and guide you through this important moment.

References:

[1]https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/cesarean-section#:~:text=Cesarean%20section%2C%20C%2Dsection%2C,and%2Ddown%20(vertical).

[2]https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/birth/medical-reasons-c-section#:~:text=Complications%20during%20pregnancy,%2C%20may%20require%20a%20c%2Dsection.

[3]https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/c-section/about/pac-20393655#:~:text=Labor%20isn%27t%20progressing,repeat%20C%2Dsection.

[4]https://www.nhsinform.scot/ready-steady-baby/labour-and-birth/assisted-birth/caesarean-section-c-section/#:~:text=Elective%20caesarean%20section,by%20planned%C2%A0caesarean.

[5]https://www.nhsinform.scot/ready-steady-baby/labour-and-birth/assisted-birth/caesarean-section-c-section/#:~:text=Emergency%20caesarean%20section,the%20name%20suggests.

[6]https://www.webmd.com/baby/risks-of-a-c-section#:~:text=C%2Dsection%20delivery.-,Risks%20to%20You,Risks%20to%20future%20pregnancies,-Having%20a%20C

[7]https://www.webmd.com/baby/risks-of-a-c-section#:~:text=a%20C%2Dsection.-,Risks%20to%20Your%20Baby,-There%20are%20far

Obesity September 12, 2025

How Managing Weight Can Help in Controlling Hypertension

High blood pressure, or hypertension, is a common health issue that many people don’t even realize they have until it leads to bigger problems. One major cause? Obesity and hypertension often go hand in hand. Carrying additional weight puts extra pressure on your heart, making it harder to keep blood pressure in check. The great news is that managing your weight can help keep your blood pressure under control. In this article, we’ll talk about how extra weight affects blood pressure and simple ways to stay healthy.

How Excess Weight Affects Blood Pressure

Carrying extra weight makes the heart and blood vessels work harder. When there’s too much fat, especially around the belly, the heart must pump with more force, raising blood pressure.

Too much fat can also cause hormonal imbalances and inflammation, which can make high blood pressure worse. People with obesity and hypertension have a higher risk of serious heart problems, so keeping a healthy weight is key to managing blood pressure.

The Role of Weight in Overall Hypertension Management

Keeping a healthy weight is a natural way to manage blood pressure. Even losing a little weight can make a large difference. Research shows that dropping just 5-10% of body weight can help control blood pressure.

A healthy weight also keeps the heart strong, improves blood flow, and reduces stress on important organs. Plus, it boosts energy levels and overall fitness, making everyday activities easier and more enjoyable. If you have obesity and hypertension, managing your weight can be a game changer for your health.

Other Factors That Contribute to Hypertension

While obesity and hypertension are strongly connected, other factors also play a role in increasing blood pressure. Some of these include:

Unhealthy Diet: High intake of processed foods, salt, and unhealthy fats can contribute to hypertension.
Lack of Physical Activity: A sedentary lifestyle slows down metabolism and can lead to weight gain and high blood pressure.
Stress: Chronic stress can cause temporary spikes in blood pressure and may lead to long-term health issues.
Genetics: Family history can raise the likelihood of developing hypertension.
Smoking and Alcohol Consumption: These habits damage blood vessels and make hypertension worse.

Effective Ways to Manage Weight for Better Blood Pressure Control

Losing weight and maintaining it needs a combination of healthy habits. Here are some effective ways to manage weight and control blood pressure:

Follow a Balanced Diet: Eating more fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins can aid in weight loss and improve heart health.
Reduce Salt Intake: High salt consumption can result in water retention and increased blood pressure.
Stay Active: Engaging in regular physical activity such as walking, yoga, or swimming can aid in weight loss and overall fitness.
Monitor Portion Sizes: Overeating, even healthy foods, can lead to weight gain.
Stay Hydrated: Drinking plenty of water helps in digestion and prevents overeating.
Get Enough Sleep: Lack of sleep can result in hormonal imbalances, making weight management more difficult.

How Weight Management Complements Other Hypertension Treatments

If you already have high blood pressure, managing your weight can make treatments work even better. Medications, lifestyle changes, and regular check-ups are more effective when paired with a healthy weight.

Keeping a balanced weight may even reduce the need for medication over time. It also helps diet and exercise have a bigger impact, making it easier to keep blood pressure under control. For those dealing with obesity and hypertension, weight management is a key step toward better health.

When to Seek Medical Help for Hypertension and Weight Management

If you’re dealing with obesity and hypertension, getting medical advice is important. A healthcare professional can help you set realistic weight loss goals, suggest a diet and exercise plan that works for you, and track your progress.

If lifestyle changes aren’t enough, they may recommend other treatments to control your blood pressure. Don’t ignore symptoms like frequent headaches, dizziness, or shortness of breath—these could be signs that you need medical help. Taking action early can make a big difference in your health!

Conclusion

Keeping a healthy weight is essential to managing high blood pressure. Since obesity and hypertension are closely linked, eating a balanced diet and staying active can help lower blood pressure naturally. Small, steady changes in your lifestyle can lead to better heart health and overall well-being.

If you’re struggling with weight or high blood pressure, don’t hesitate to seek professional guidance. A doctor can assist you to stay on track and make the right choices for a healthier life.

References:

[1] https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/weight-management/adult-overweight-obesity/health-risks#:~:text=Having%20overweight%20or%20obesity%20increases,the%20cells%20in%20your%20body.

[2] https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/in-depth/high-blood-pressure/art-20046974#:~:text=If%20you%27re%20overweight%20or,2.2%20pounds)%20of%20weight%20lost.