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Evolution of Birth Control: From Ancient Times to Modern Methods

Ever wondered how people managed birth control centuries ago? Or how we have come to have so many options today? It’s fascinating to look back at how different cultures and generations approached the idea of controlling fertility. From herbal concoctions used in ancient times to the cutting-edge methods available now, the journey of birth control is filled with stories of innovation and change. Let’s explore how these practices have evolved, shaping the choices we have today and paving the way for future possibilities.

Birth Control in Ancient Times

The quest to control fertility dates back to ancient civilizations, where rudimentary yet creative methods were employed to prevent pregnancies. Ancient texts reveal various birth control practices that relied on herbal concoctions and rudimentary barrier methods. For example, in Ancient Egypt, women used pessaries—small, soft objects inserted into the vagina made from ingredients like honey, acacia leaves, and lint, which were believed to create an unfavourable environment for sperm[1].

The 20th Century: A Turning Point in Birth Control

The 20th century marked a significant turning point in the evolution of birth control. With advances in science and medicine, more reliable and scientifically backed methods began to emerge. At the start of the century, condoms and diaphragms gained popularity as barrier methods. Made from materials like rubber and latex, these options offered more effective ways to prevent pregnancies compared to their ancient counterparts[2].

However, the most revolutionary development in birth control came in the 1960s with the introduction of the birth control pill. This tiny tablet significantly impacted women’s autonomy and reproductive rights, allowing them greater control over their bodies and futures. The pill’s convenience, effectiveness, and the fact that it was one of the first methods to be backed by rigorous scientific research made it immensely popular[3].

During this period, intrauterine devices (IUDs) also became more prominent. IUDs provided a longer-term solution for women who wanted a reliable contraceptive method without daily or frequent attention. These devices, inserted into the uterus, prevented pregnancy by creating a hostile environment for sperm or releasing hormones. The emergence of IUDs offered a new option for women, contributing to a more comprehensive range of contraceptive choices[7].

Modern Methods of Birth Control

Fast forward to the present day, and the landscape of birth control has expanded even further. Among the modern methods, IUDs have gained significant traction due to their effectiveness and low maintenance. Available in two types—copper and hormonal—IUDs are long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) that can last from three to twelve years, depending on the type. Copper IUDs work by releasing copper ions that are toxic to sperm, while hormonal IUDs release small amounts of progestin to prevent ovulation and thicken cervical mucus. Both types are over 99% effective, making them one of the most reliable forms of birth control[4] .

Despite their benefits, some misconceptions about IUDs persist. Many people still believe they are only suitable for women who have given birth or are prone to infections. However, recent research and widespread use have debunked these myths, leading to a surge in popularity. Their low maintenance, high effectiveness, and reversibility make them an increasingly preferred choice for women seeking long-term birth control[5] .

The Future of Birth Control

It’s essential to look ahead at the future of birth control. Research in this field is constantly evolving, and emerging technologies promise even more options. One area of active exploration is male birth control, with researchers developing non-hormonal methods that could provide a viable alternative for men. This could revolutionize the concept of shared responsibility in contraception.

Additionally, advancements are being made in creating non-hormonal methods for women, offering alternatives to those who may experience side effects from current options. There is also significant potential for innovations in IUDs and other LARCs, such as self-insertable devices or biodegradable implants, which could further enhance accessibility and convenience[6] .

Conclusion

The journey of birth control, from the rudimentary methods of ancient civilizations to the sophisticated options available today, reflects the ongoing quest for reproductive autonomy and control. Let us remain committed to the future of birth control that promises even more choices and empowerment for all.

Reference Links;

[1]https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/pill-birth-control-pill/#:~:text=The%20Oldest%20Methods&text=Around%201850%20B.C.%20Egyptian%20women,and%20cedar%20oil%20as%20spermicides.

[2] https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/partner-content-the-story-of-contraception#:~:text=By%20the%20start%20of%20the,relatively%20effective%20method%20of%20contraception.

[3] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10342090/

[4] https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/contraception-intrauterine-devices-iud

[5] https://www.ippf.org/blogs/myths-and-facts-about-intra-uterine-devices#:~:text=Fact:%20no%20increased%20risk%20of,tubes%20enough%20to%20cause%20infertility.

[6] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8932341/

[7] https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/24441-intrauterine-device-iud

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Knee Replacement

Understanding the Causes That Damage Joint Cartilage

Joint cartilage when damaged, can lead to pain and even disability. There are several causes of joint cartilage damage, including physical damage, infection, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, chemical damage, and infection. Understanding the causes of joint cartilage damage is essential for a good understanding of the condition. This helps in developing a personalized treatment plan and also keeping track of any changes in the condition.

What is Joint Cartilage?

Cartilage is a strong, organic and flexible tissue found throughout the body. It covers the surfaces of the joints between bones. It is an intermediate layer that reduces friction between bones and acts as a shock absorber. Type II collagen, which is a major structural protein in the human body is one of the components of the cartilage. Although cartilage is not bone, it does have cells called Chondrocytes just like the Osteocytes cells, found in bone tissue. Some types of cartilage are found at the ends of fingers and toes, in the ears, and in the nose.

Causes of Joint Cartilage Damage

Physical Damage

The causes of joint cartilage damage can be broadly grouped into physical and chemical damage. Physical damage to joint cartilage occurs when the cartilage is hit, scraped or injured by something like a bump or a fall. This might cause damage to the cartilage and also bring about a condition known as cartilage erosion, which leads to joint cartilage damage. In another form of physical damage to joint cartilage, the cartilage might be hit too severely by a hardobject like a ball or a bat, causing the tissue to bruise. This form of damage is reversible, but it still has an impact on the joint.

Chemical Damage

Joint cartilage is susceptible to chemical damage due to various reasons, such as an excessive amount of friction in the joint, certain medications, high fever, certain infections, and even certain types of surgeries. In the case of excessive friction, the cartilage can wear out, leading to joint damage. Excessive friction can also be due to a piece of bone or a joint capsule that is too thick, or that is out of place. If left untreated, this condition can lead to cartilage damage. Certain medications, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and even some types of birth control pills, can damage joint cartilage. High fever can also damage joint cartilage. This is because the body’s immune response to the infection causes an increase in joint fluid pressure, which damages the cartilage.

Infection

An infection in the joint cartilage can lead to damage to the tissue. Infections like bacterial and viral infections might spread due to injury to the joint cartilage in the form of a fall or a bump. It might also occur as a result of tissue impaction with foreign objects, like a piece of wood or even a splinter from your clothing. Bacterial infections are the most common type of infection that affects joint cartilage.

Osteoarthritis (OA)

Osteoarthritis is a condition that is caused by degeneration of the joint cartilage. It is specifically caused by aging, obesity, certain injuries, and even certain types of arthritis. OA is the most common cause of joint cartilage damage. It is one of the most common joint conditions seen in the elderly. On average, the condition affects two out of every ten people aged over sixty-five. OA is characterized by the progressive loss of joint cartilage, leading to abnormal bone growth on the cartilage surface. This abnormal bone growth leads to increased joint surface friction, resulting in pain and disability.

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune dissorder that affects the joints. It is characterized by joint cartilage and bone inflammation, leading to joint damage and pain. People with this condition are likely to experience joint pain, swelling, stiffness, and even disability. Rheumatoid arthritis is the most common cause of joint cartilage damage. It is also one of the most difficult conditions to treat, as it usually does not respond well to medications. However, there are several surgeries available to help alleviate joint pain and disability.

Conclusion

While joint tissue exists everywhere in the human body, the extent to which it functions varies greatly between individuals. The function of joint cartilage depends on its structure and how tightly linked it is with other parts of your anatomy. When functioning properly, it provides stability to many joints within your body. For instance, moving your arm up and down repeatedly will place great stress on your elbow as well as other joints within that limb, helping to keep it stable while it undergoes these movements. An estimated 300 million people worldwide are affected by joint issues at some point in their lives. Hence, it becomes very important we look into the causes that can damage these joint cartilages as it provides stability, reduces the impact of movements, and helps protect the joint surfaces from damage. It is vital to your health and well-being, as it prevents your bones from rubbing together too much and causing damage.

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Sinusitis

What is Sinusitis ?

Sinusitis – Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

Sinusitis is an inflammation of the sinuses affecting the nose and occasionally the face, throat, and ears. Sinuses are hollow spaces in the skull behind the forehead, eyes, cheeks, and nasal passages. These sinuses get blocked and filled with fluid due to cold or allergies, resulting in inflammation. Sinuses are cavities in the skull, while sinusitis is a condition of inflamed sinuses.

How important are sinuses?

Sinuses play a key role in protecting the body against illness and taking care of our wellness. Sinuses, the hollow spaces filled with air, lighten the head’s overall weight. They also warm and humidify the air we inhale. Sinuses help enhance one’s voice quality and speech resonance. In an accident, the sinuses absorb the impact and protect the other facial structures. Sinuses also help drain nasal mucus that protects the nasal passage and keeps unwanted particles like dust and pollutants from entering the body. Healthy sinuses are empty except with a thin layer of mucus which continuously drains the germs, dust, and dirt out, keeping the nose clean and free from bacteria, as already mentioned above.

The four pairs of sinuses are-

Maxillary sinuses: Maxillary are the largest sinuses. They are positioned behind the cheekbones near the upper jaws.

Frontal sinuses: The frontal sinuses are divided into left and right frontal sinuses. The two sinuses are located at the centre of the forehead above each eye.

Sphenoid sinuses: Sphenoid sinuses are situated behind the eyes, near your optic nerve and pituitary gland.

Ethmoid sinuses: The Ethmoid sinuses are a collection of six to twelve small air pockets between the eyes and nasal bridge. 

One develops sinusitis when the tissue lining the sinuses get inflamed or swollen. Sinusitis can also be caused by viral, fungal, and bacterial infections. 

Symptoms of sinusitis

Sinusitis and common cold have similar symptoms, some of which may include the following-

Partial or total loss of smell called Anosmia

Fever, also known as Hyperthermia or pyrexia

Nasal congestion, which causes a stuffy or runny nose

Headache due to sinus

Cough or sore throat

Fatigue

As mentioned above, many sinusitis symptoms are similar to the common cold. But the main difference is that the symptoms of sinusitis tend to be more severe, last longer, and often include pain in the face and forehead. Sinusitis symptoms range from nasal congestion and facial pain to severe headaches and tooth pain.

Types of sinusitis

Depending on the severity and duration of the symptoms, sinusitis is grouped as –

Acute – Acute sinusitis, also known as Rhinosinusitis, where rhino means ‘the nose’ is the most common one with the shortest duration. The symptoms could remain for four weeks or less. Viral infections due to cold and seasonal allergies can cause symptoms that last up to ten days.

Subacute – In the case of Subacute sinusitis, the symptoms may last up to 12 weeks. Seasonal allergies or bacterial infections cause this type of sinusitis.

Recurrent acute – As the name suggests, there would be a reoccurrence of acute sinusitis at least four times in a year.

Chronic- Chronic sinusitis is when the symptoms last for at least 12 weeks.

Possible Contributors of Sinusitis

Anyone can develop sinusitis. Excessive mucus may get formed due to cold, bacteria, or allegories that gradually allow the bacteria and germs to grow in the sinuses, leading to infection. However, apart from cold, allergies, and viral or bacterial infection, other possible factors that may contribute to the development of sinus infection are-

  • Weakened immune system
  • Dental infection
  • Smoking and Tobacco
  • Structural issues with the nose like, nasal bone growth, uneven wall of tissue between the two nostrils (nasal septum)
  • Nasal polyps
  • Cystic fibrosis, a condition where thick and sticky mucus gets buildup in the lungs, intestine, and liver, which causes damage to the respiratory and digestive systems.
  • Exposure to mold, pollen, dirt, etc.

Treatment of Sinusitis

Sinusitis is curable and treatable in most cases without consulting a doctor and antibiotics. But if the symptoms of sinusitis persist for a long, it is advisable to see your doctor and follow his advice and medications. The doctor would diagnose sinus infection based on the symptoms and the physical exam. In case of chronic sinusitis, the doctor may recommend imaging tests like X-ray, CT scan or MRI. Blood tests, nasal endoscopy, and allergy tests are a few other tests that may be needed to diagnose the severity of the infection.

In many cases, home remedies or over-the-counter (OTC) pain relieving medicines would help treat headaches or pressure in the forehead or cheeks. The doctor will prescribe antibiotic therapy to block any sinuses’ growth in cases of bacterial infection. In cases of chronic symptoms that do not improve or heal with medication, sinus surgery would be an option to clear sinuses, treat structural deformity related to the nose or remove polyps. The types of sinus surgery are-

  • Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS)– In FESS, with the help of a magnifying endoscope, the surgeon views and removes the infected tissue or bone. With a small incision inside the nose, an endoscope equipped with a camera and light is inserted to help reduce the blockage and drainage of sinuses.
  • Turbinate Reduction Surgery – This surgery uses radio frequency to reduce the swelling of the turbinates (tiny structures in the nose that cleanse the air passing through the nostrils). A needle-like instrument is inserted into the swollen tissue to control the damage. The turbinates gradually heal and reduce in size allowing proper and easy breathing.

Sinus Ostial Dilation Surgery– In this type of surgery, with the help of a balloon catheter inserted into the blocked sinus passage, the balloon is inflated and a saline solution is injected to flush out the mucus.

Health-promoting lifestyle is one of the ways to prevent inflammation. This includes a healthy and nutritious diet, exercise, limiting exposure to allergens and irritants, maintaining good hygiene, and avoiding contact with infected people.

Knowing the causes and symptoms of sinusitis help in treating the inflammation timely and preventing the recurrence of the same in the future.

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Bariatric

Bariatric Surgery

Dr Sanjay Borude, a Bariatric Surgeon, discusses What bariatric surgery is, the post-surgery follow-up procedure and its importance. Also, he explains myths about the side effects of Bariatric surgery and shares a good message for the commoner planning for Bariatric Surgery.

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