Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) is a common but an often overlooked condition that affects the blood vessels other than the heart and brain. These blood vessels carry oxygen-rich blood to your limbs, and when they’re narrowed or blocked, it can lead to serious health problems. Early diagnosis and management of PVD can make a significant difference in preventing complications and improving your quality of life. In this blog, let’s learn what PVD is, how to recognize its signs and symptoms, and ways to manage and prevent it effectively.

What is Peripheral Vascular Disease?

PVD is a condition that occurs when blood vessels in the legs, arms, or other peripheral parts of the body become narrowed or blocked. This is usually caused by the buildup of fatty deposits in the arteries, reducing blood flow. Over time, this reduced circulation can lead to pain, mobility issues, and even more severe complications like ulcers or infections.

Importance of Early Detection

Detecting PVD early is crucial for preventing its progression. When it’s in the early stages, you can usually manage it with simple lifestyle modifications and treatments. But if it progresses, it might need more serious interventions. That’s why it’s so important to know the symptoms and talk to a doctor right away. Acting quickly can lower your risk of complications and keep your vascular health in check.

Types of PVD

PVD is broadly classified into two main types:

• Functional PVD: This type is caused by spasms in the blood vessels that temporarily limit blood flow. It is often triggered by cold temperatures or stress. ^[2][MJ1] 
• Organic PVD: This is caused by structural changes in the blood vessels, such as narrowing or blockages due to fatty deposits (atherosclerosis).

Risk Factors for PVD

Several factors can increase your risk of developing PVD, including:

• Smoking
• High blood pressure or cholesterol
• Diabetes
• Being overweight
• Lack of physical activity
• Family history of vascular disease

People over 50 years of age or those with a history of cardiovascular issues are also at higher risk.

Recognizing Early Signs and Symptoms of PVD

Importance of Early Diagnosis and Screening

Who Should Get Screened?

Screening is essential for people who:

• Have a history of diabetes/family history, high blood pressure, or high cholesterol.
• Smoke or have smoked in the past.
• Experience symptoms like leg pain or non-healing wounds.

Diagnostic Tests for PVD

When it comes to diagnosing PVD, doctors have a few key tools to figure out what’s going on. One common test is the Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI), which compares the blood pressure in your ankle and arm to spot any reduced blood flow. ^[5][MJ1] They might also use an ultrasound, which uses sound waves to get a clear picture of how blood is flowing in your arteries/veins. If more detail is needed, there’s angiography, an imaging with a diagnostic test that pinpoints blockages in your blood vessels.

Getting screened early makes a huge difference—it allows doctors to create a personalized treatment plan to keep the condition under control.

Management and Treatment Options for PVD

Managing PVD involves a combination of lifestyle modifications, medications, and, in some cases, medical procedures.

• Lifestyle Modifications:
  • Quit smoking to improve blood circulation.
  • Adopt a healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains to reduce cholesterol.
  • Engage in regular physical activity, such as walking, to improve blood flow.
• Medications:

In some cases, medications may be prescribed to manage symptoms or reduce the risk of progression of the disease.

• Medical Procedures:

For severe cases, interventions like angioplasty (widening of the artery) or bypass surgery may be recommended to restore blood flow.

Preventive Measures to Protect Vascular Health

Prevention is key to maintaining healthy blood vessels. Here are some tips to protect your vascular health:

• Stay Physically Active: Regular exercise helps improve circulation and strengthens your heart.
• Eat a Balanced Diet: Focus on foods low in saturated fats and high in fiber to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis.
• Monitor Your Health: Keep your blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar levels under control.
• Avoid Smoking: Smoking damages blood vessels and significantly increases the risk of PVD.

Taking these steps early in life can greatly reduce your chances of developing PVD and other vascular issues.

When to Seek Medical Help

It’s important to consult a doctor if you experience:

• Persistent leg pain during activities that improves with rest.
• Non-healing sores or wounds on your feet.
• Unexplained numbness, weakness, or coldness in the legs.
• Sudden and severe leg pain accompanied by swelling or discolouration.

Timely medical attention can prevent complications and ensure the best possible outcomes for your vascular health.

Conclusion

Peripheral Vascular Disease is a serious but manageable condition when detected early. By recognizing the symptoms, understanding the risk factors, and adopting healthy lifestyle habits, you can protect your vascular health and improve your quality of life.

Don’t ignore signs like leg pain or slow-healing wounds—these could be your body’s way of signaling a vascular issue.

References:

1. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/peripheral-vascular-disease#:~:text=Peripheral%20vascular%20disease%20(PVD)%20is,%2C%20veins%2C%20or%20lymphatic%20vessels.
2. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/peripheral-vascular-disease#:~:text=Peripheral%20vascular%20disease%20(PVD)%20is,%2C%20veins%2C%20or%20lymphatic%20vessels.
3. https://vascularsurgery.wustl.edu/patient-care/peripheral-vascular-disease/#:~:text=Organic%20PVD%20is%20caused%20by,that%20block%20normal%20blood%20flow.
4. https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/peripheral-vascular-disease#:~:text=temperatures%20or%20stress.-,Risk%20factors%20of%20peripheral%20vascular%20disease,High%20blood%20cholesterol%20(hypercholesterolaemia).,-Diagnosis%20of%20peripheral
5. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/ankle-brachial-index-test#:~:text=The%20ankle%20brachial%20index%2C%20or,The%20result%20is%20the%20ABI.

Blood circulation is like the fuel system of your body. It delivers oxygen and nutrients to every part, keeping you healthy and full of energy. But what happens when this system doesn’t work properly? Poor circulation can result in serious health issues, including peripheral vascular disease (PVD). If it’s not treated, it can cause pain, swelling, and even life-threatening complications.

Fortunately, there are ways to enhance blood circulation and lower your risk of peripheral vascular disease. By making small but effective modifications in your daily habits, you can keep your blood vessels healthy and ensure smooth blood flow. Let’s explore how.

What Is Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) and How It Affects Blood Flow?

Peripheral vascular disease happens when the blood vessels other than the heart and brain become narrow or blocked. This mainly affects the arteries that carry blood to your legs and arms. The most common reason is a buildup of fatty deposits (plaque) inside the arteries, a condition known as atherosclerosis.

When your arteries become narrow, blood struggles to flow properly. This can lead to pain, cramps, numbness, and delayed wound healing, particularly in the legs. In severe cases, it may even result in tissue damage or infections that require medical attention.

The Link between Poor Circulation and PVD-Related Complications

Poor circulation doesn’t just make your hands and feet feel cold—it can have serious health effects. Without proper blood flow, your tissues don’t get enough oxygen, leading to complications such as:

• Leg pain while walking (claudication)
• Non-healing wounds or ulcers
• Increased risk of infections
• Nerve damage due to prolonged lack of oxygen
• Severe cases may even lead to gangrene, which could require amputation

This is why it’s important to take steps to improve blood circulation and prevent peripheral vascular disease from worsening.

Lifestyle Modifications to Improve Blood Circulation and Reduce PVD Risk

Making a few changes in your daily routine can help your blood vessels stay healthy and improve circulation. Here’s what you can do:

• Stay Active: Exercise is a great way to boost circulation. Walking, cycling, yoga, and swimming can help keep your arteries clear and blood flowing smoothly.   
• Quit Smoking: Smoking damages your blood vessels, making them stiff and narrow. Quitting smoking can considerably decrease your risk of peripheral vascular disease.
• Maintain a Healthy Weight: Excess weight puts pressure on your blood vessels, leading to circulation problems. A balanced diet and regular exercise can assist in keeping your weight in check.
• Manage Stress: High-stress levels can impact our blood vessels and increase your risk of circulation issues. Try meditation, deep breathing, or relaxation techniques.

Dietary Habits for Healthy Circulation and Vascular Health

What you eat plays an important role in keeping your blood vessels strong and healthy. Here are some dietary tips to improve blood circulation:

• Eat More Fruits and Vegetables: Rich in vitamins and antioxidants, they help protect your arteries from damage.       
• Choose Healthy Fats: Replace unhealthy fats with good fats found in nuts, seeds, olive oil, and fatty fish.    
• Reduce Salt Intake: High salt consumption can increase blood pressure and harm your arteries.   

• Stay Hydrated: Drinking enough water helps keep your blood thin and flowing smoothly.
• Increase Fiber Intake: Whole grains, beans, and lentils help maintain healthy cholesterol levels and avert plaque buildup.

Medical Treatments and Therapies for PVD and Poor Circulation

If lifestyle changes aren’t enough, medical treatments may be necessary to manage peripheral vascular disease. Some common options include:

• Medications: Doctors may prescribe medicines to improve blood flow, reduce clotting, or control cholesterol and blood pressure.
• Physical Therapy: Supervised exercise programs can help improve circulation and reduce symptoms of PVD.
• Angioplasty: In severe cases, a balloon/stent is inserted into the artery to open up blocked blood vessels.
• Surgical Procedures: Certain surgical surgeries may be recommended if the blockage is severe and affects blood flow significantly.

Recognizing the Signs of Worsening PVD and Circulation Problems

It’s important to monitor your body for signs that your circulation is getting worse. Some warning signs include:

• Increasing leg pain, especially while walking or at rest
• Slow-healing wounds or ulcers on your feet
• Cold or numb feet and toes
• Skin colour changes (pale, bluish, or reddish skin)
• Weak or no pulse in the legs

If you observe any of these symptoms, seek medical advice immediately.

Preventing Peripheral Vascular Disease and Improving Blood Circulation Long-Term

Prevention is always better than cure. To keep your blood vessels healthy in the long run:

• Follow a healthy lifestyle with regular exercise and a balanced diet.
• Avoid smoking and limit alcohol consumption.
• Manage conditions like diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol.
• Get regular health check-ups to detect any issues early.

By taking these steps, you can decrease your risk of peripheral vascular disease and enjoy better overall health.

Conclusion

Good blood circulation is vital for a healthy life. Peripheral vascular disease can cause serious complications, but with the proper lifestyle choices and medical care, you can keep your blood flowing smoothly. Simple habits like exercising, eating healthy, staying hydrated, and quitting smoking can make a big difference. If you experience any symptoms of poor circulation, don’t ignore them—act early to protect your health and well-being.

References:

[1]https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17604-vascular-disease#:~:text=Like%20the%20blood%20vessels%20of,and%20possibly%20damaging%20the%20artery.

[2]https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/peripheral-vascular-disease#:~:text=What%20are%20possible%20complications%20of,likely%20in%20people%20with%20PVD)

[3]https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/peripheral-vascular-disease#:~:text=Changes%20in%20the%20skin%2C%20including,Thickened%2C%20opaque%20toenails

Have you ever felt a strange pain in your legs while walking that eases up when you rest? This could be a sign of something more than just tired muscles. Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a condition that many people have but are unaware of. This article explores the basics of peripheral artery disease, its risk factors, potential complications, and simple steps you can take to protect your arteries.

What is Peripheral artery disease?^[1]

This is a condition where the arteries, which supply blood to the limbs, become narrowed or blocked. This happens due to a build-up of fatty deposits called plaque. When these arteries are narrowed, blood flow to the legs and other extremities is reduced, causing pain and other symptoms. The legs are the most commonly affected areas, leading to pain while walking, known as claudication.

Risk Factors for Peripheral artery disease[1]

a. Lifestyle Factors

• Smoking: The chemicals in tobacco have the potential to damage the blood vessels. This makes it easier for plaque to build up and narrow the arteries.
• Diet: A poor diet that is high in saturated fats, trans fats, and bad cholesterol can be one of the reasons behind the build-up of plaque in the arteries. Eating a healthy, balanced diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains might help to reduce the risk.
• Physical Inactivity: Regular physical activity helps to maintain healthy blood flow and keeps the arteries well, helping them function and keeping disease at bay.

b. Health Conditions

• Diabetes: High blood sugar levels might damage the blood vessels and contribute to plaque build-up.
• Hypertension: High blood pressure puts extra strain on the arteries, which can lead to the damage and narrowing of these blood vessels.
• High Cholesterol: Plaque formation can also occur due to elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood, increasing the risk of peripheral artery disease.

c. Demographic Factors^[2]

• Age: Older adults are more likely to develop this condition due to the natural hardening of the arteries over time.
• Gender: Men are usually at a higher risk of developing peripheral artery disease than women. However, postmenopausal women also face a significant risk.
• Family History: A family history of peripheral artery disease or other cardiovascular diseases can increase the likelihood of developing this condition.

Complications of Peripheral artery disease^[2]

• Critical Limb Ischemia: This is a severe condition where the blood flow to the limbs is significantly reduced, causing severe pain and potentially leading to sores or ulcers that takes time to heal.
• Stroke and Heart Attack: There is an increased risk of stroke and heart attack as this condition affects the arteries supplying blood to the heart and brain.
• Infections: Reduced blood flow can impair the healing of wounds and inadvertently increase the risk of infections.
• Amputation: In severe cases, the lack of blood flow might lead to tissue death and the need for amputation of the affected limb.

Prevention of Peripheral artery disease^[2]

a. Lifestyle Modifications

• Quitting Smoking: Stopping smoking can significantly improve vascular health and reduce the risk of peripheral artery disease.
• Healthy Diet: Eating a healthy, well-balanced diet like fruits, vegetables, and whole grains is necessary as it helps maintain healthy arteries and reduces the risk of plaque build-up.
• Regular Exercise: Regular physical activity, such as walking, cycling, or swimming, improves circulation and overall vascular health.

b. Managing Health Conditions

• Diabetes Management: Blood sugar levels should be kept under control to reduce the risk of peripheral artery disease in people with diabetes.
• Blood Pressure Control: Maintaining healthy blood pressure through lifestyle modifications and, if necessary, medication helps protect the arteries from damage.
• Cholesterol Management: Keeping cholesterol levels in check through diet, exercise, and medication can prevent plaque build-up in the arteries.

c. Regular Check-ups

• Importance of Routine Health Screenings: Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider can help detect peripheral artery disease early and manage any risk factors effectively.
• Discussing Symptoms Early: Reporting any symptoms, such as leg pain or numbness, to a healthcare professional can lead to early diagnosis and treatment.

Conclusion

Peripheral artery disease might sound intimidating, but understanding it is the first step towards taking control of your health. Don’t wait for symptoms to appear—start making healthier choices today. If you have any concerns, make sure to consult a healthcare professional and get regular check-ups.

Reference Links:

[1] https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/peripheral-artery-disease/about-peripheral-artery-disease-pad#:~:text=Peripheral%20artery%20disease%20is%20similar,to%20the%20legs%20and%20feet.
[2] https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/peripheral-vascular-disease

In India, diabetes is a widespread health issue affecting millions. According to WHO, about 77 million adults have type 2 diabetes [1]. But did you know that diabetes affects more than just your blood sugar? Many are unaware of its link to other conditions, like peripheral vascular disease (PVD). PVD impacts blood vessels outside the heart and brain, and when combined with diabetes, it can lead to severe complications. Find out how diabetes and PVD are connected and how you can manage both conditions effectively.

What is Peripheral Vascular Disease? ^[2]

Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) affects the blood vessels, especially in the legs and feet. In PVD, arteries narrow or get blocked due to fatty deposits, reducing blood flow to the limbs. This can cause pain, cramps, and sores that take longer to heal. If not treated, PVD can lead to serious problems like infections, tissue damage, or even amputation in severe cases. PVD is more common in people with other health conditions, including diabetes.

The Connection Between Diabetes and PVD [3]

Diabetes and peripheral vascular disease (PVD) are closely connected because diabetes also affects blood vessels. High blood sugar can damage the blood vessel lining, making it easier for fatty deposits to form and block the arteries, especially in the legs and feet. This is a key feature of PVD. People with diabetes are more likely to develop PVD since their blood vessels are more vulnerable to damage. High blood sugar also slows down the body’s ability to heal wounds, increasing the risk of complications from PVD.
Both diabetes and PVD get worse over time if not properly managed. The reduced blood flow caused by PVD can make it harder for diabetes-related foot problems, like ulcers, to heal. This can lead to infections. In severe cases, surgery may be needed.

Common Symptoms Linking Diabetes and PVD ^[3]

People with both diabetes and peripheral vascular disease often experience similar symptoms, especially in the legs and feet. Some common signs to watch out for include:

• Leg pain or cramping – This can happen during activities like walking and is called claudication. It occurs because the muscles are not getting enough blood flow.
• Numbness or tingling in the legs or feet – This may result from nerve damage caused by both diabetes and PVD, making it harder to feel injuries or infections.
• Slow-healing sores – Wounds, especially on the feet, may take longer to heal due to poor blood flow and high blood sugar levels.
• Coldness in the lower legs or feet – This is a sign of poor circulation caused by peripheral vascular disease.
• Shiny or discoloured skin – Poor blood flow can change the appearance of the skin, especially in the lower legs and feet.

If any of these symptoms are present, it is always recommended to seek medical advice early to prevent further complications.

Risk Factors & Complications ^[3]

Several factors can raise the chances of developing both diabetes and peripheral vascular disease. These include:

• High blood pressure – It puts extra pressure on blood vessels, making them more likely to get damaged.
• High cholesterol – Too much cholesterol can cause fatty deposits in the arteries, leading to PVD.
• Smoking – Smoking harms blood vessels and greatly increases the risk of PVD, especially in people with diabetes.
• Obesity – Being overweight adds strain on blood vessels, raising the risk of both diabetes and PVD.
• Sedentary lifestyle – Not being physically active can lead to poor circulation, making it harder to control blood sugar levels. This also increases the risk of PVD.

If not managed properly, complications from diabetes and PVD can be serious. Poor circulation from PVD can cause infections, slow-healing wounds, and, in severe cases, gangrene, which might require amputation. Additionally, people with both conditions have a higher risk of heart attacks and strokes.

Preventive Measures for Diabetes and PVD ^[3]

• Blood sugar control – Keeping your blood sugar at a healthy level is crucial to avoiding complications from diabetes, including peripheral vascular disease.
• Regular exercise – Being physically active helps improve blood circulation and lowers the risk of PVD by promoting healthy blood vessels.
• Healthy diet – Eating a balanced diet that is low in saturated fats, salt, and sugar can help stop fatty deposits from building up in the arteries.
• Quit smoking – Smoking is a big risk factor for both diabetes and PVD. Quitting can greatly reduce the chances of complications.
• Foot care – For diabetics, taking care of your feet is important. Checking your feet regularly for wounds or sores and getting treatment quickly can prevent serious problems.

Conclusion

It’s clear that diabetes and peripheral vascular disease (PVD) are more connected than many realise. But here’s the good news—by staying informed and taking proactive steps, you can manage both conditions effectively. Remember, the key is catching the signs early and taking control.

Reference Links:

[1] https://www.who.int/india/health-topics/mobile-technology-for-preventing-ncds
[2] https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/peripheral-vascular-disease
[3] https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/diabetes-peripheral-vascular-disease#treatments

Have you ever felt like stress is taking a toll on your health? You’re not wrong. Stress affects more than just your mind; it can have severe consequences on your body, too, especially when it comes to peripheral vascular disease (PVD). Peripheral vascular disease, a condition where narrowed arteries reduce blood flow to the limbs, can be worsened by chronic stress. But how exactly does stress impact this condition, and what can you do to manage it? Let’s explore the connection between stress and peripheral vascular disease and discover practical ways to improve your vascular health through effective stress management.

How Stress Affects Vascular Health

Stress responses in the body are natural reactions designed to protect us in dangerous situations. However, chronic stress might lead to various health problems, including peripheral vascular disease. When we experience stress, our bodies tend to release hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol. These hormones prepare the body for a “fight or flight” response, leading to an increase in heart rate and blood pressure[1]. While this response is beneficial in short bursts, prolonged stress can cause significant harm to vascular health.

Stress Responses

When stress triggers the release of adrenaline and cortisol, it causes the blood vessels to constrict, leading to higher blood pressure. This increased pressure on the vascular system can damage the inner lining of the arteries. This makes them more susceptible to plaque buildup_^[2]. Over time, this can contribute to the development and worsening of peripheral vascular disease.

Long-term Effects

Chronic stress can lead to persistent inflammation in the body[3], which is a risk factor for peripheral vascular disease. Inflammation can cause damage to the vascular walls. This in turn promotes plaque formation and increases the risk of thrombosis (blood clots). These clots might obstruct blood flow and lead to complications such as heart attacks or strokes.

Stress and PVD Risk

Several studies have highlighted the link between stress and an increased risk of developing peripheral vascular disease. Individuals experiencing high levels of stress are more likely to develop PVD compared to those with lower stress levels[4]. This underscores the importance of effective stress management strategies to prevent and manage peripheral vascular disease.

Stress Triggers and Symptoms in PVD

Understanding the triggers and symptoms of stress in individuals with peripheral vascular disease is crucial for effective management. Stressors can be both emotional and physical, each contributing to the worsening of PVD.

• Emotional stressors such as job pressure, family issues, and financial worries can significantly impact vascular health^[5]. These stressors lead to increased cortisol levels, promoting inflammation and vascular damage.
• Physical stressors, including sleep deprivation and poor diet, can also worsen the symptoms of peripheral vascular disease^[6][7]. Lack of sleep can increase blood pressure, while a poor diet can lead to the accumulation of unhealthy fats in the blood vessels.

Symptoms of Peripheral Vascular Disease to Watch For^[8]

Individuals with peripheral vascular disease should be aware of the symptoms that might indicate increased stress levels affecting their condition.

• Intermittent claudication, characterized by pain and cramping in the legs during physical activity, is a common symptom.
• Changes in skin colour, such as paleness or a bluish tint, can also indicate poor blood flow.
• Additionally, non-healing ulcers or sores on the legs and feet are critical signs that stress may be worsening the condition.

Managing Stress to Improve Vascular Health^[9]

Effectively managing stress is important for improving vascular health and preventing the progression of peripheral vascular disease. Several strategies can help reduce stress and its impact on vascular health.

• Exercise: Regular low-impact exercises like walking, swimming, and cycling reduce stress and improve cardiovascular health.
• Diet: A diet rich in antioxidants, whole grains, fruits, and vegetables reduces inflammation. Avoid excessive salt, oily & processed foods.
• Mindfulness and Relaxation: Incorporate meditation, yoga, and deep breathing to reduce stress and promote relaxation.
• Professional Help: Seek therapy for chronic stress. Cognitive-behavioural therapy offers effective coping strategies.
• Healthcare Providers: Consult healthcare providers for personalized stress reduction and treatment adjustments for optimal vascular health.

Wrapping It Up

Stress plays a significant role in the progression of peripheral vascular disease. Understanding the impact of stress and implementing effective management strategies can significantly improve outcomes for individuals with PVD.

Reference Links:

[1] https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/understanding-the-stress-response
[2] https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=1&ContentID=2171#:~:text=Studies%20suggest%20that%20the%20high,plaque%20deposits%20in%20the%20arteries.
[3]https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/stress-affects-your-heart#:~:text=%E2%80%9CLong%2Dterm%E2%80%94or%20chronic,heart%20rhythms%2C%20and%20heart%20failure.
[4]https://newsroom.heart.org/news/work-related-stress-linked-to-increased-risk-for-peripheral-artery-disease#:~:text=Researchers%20found%20that%20people%20with,age%2C%20sex%20and%20lifestyle%20variables.
[6] https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/insufficient-sleep-tied-to-increased-risk-of-a-condition-that-may-lead-to-stroke#Using-genetic-data-to-study-PAD-risk
[8]https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/peripheral-vascular-disease
[9] https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=1&ContentID=2171#:~:text=Get%20plenty%20of%20exercise&text=Exercise%20can%20help%20to%20improve,reduced%20physical%20response%20to%20stress.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/in-depth/stress-and-high-blood-pressure/art-20044190
https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-the-fight-or-flight-response-2795194#:~:text=These%20hormones%20cause%20the%20sympathetic,blood%20pressure%2C%20and%20breathing%20rate.
https://newsroom.heart.org/news/work-related-stress-linked-to-increased-risk-for-peripheral-artery-disease
https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/peripheral-vascular-disease