A pregnancy test is a test that detects the presence of hCG or human chorionic gonadotropin hormone in the urine. hCG is produced by the cells of the placenta after a fertilised egg implants in the uterus. A pregnancy test confirms whether or not a woman is pregnant.
How do Pregnancy Kits Work?
Most pregnancy test kits have a testing stick to detect hCG levels. When a woman urinates on the testing stick, the strip or stick detects the hCG hormone if it is present in the urine sample. If the hCG hormone is present in the urine, the test will show a positive result, indicating that the woman is pregnant.
When to Take a Pregnancy Test
Most pregnancy test kits are designed to be used after a woman has missed her period. However, some of the latest test kits available in the market can accurately detect pregnancy 2-5 days before a missed period. Therefore, reading the test kit’s instructions is important to determine the best time to take the test. Additionally, taking the test in the morning is recommended, as this is when the highest concentration of hCG is present in the first urine of the day.
How to Use a Pregnancy Test Kit
Using a pregnancy test kit is very easy. Here are the steps to follow:
Step 1: Collect urine in a clean, dry container. Step 2: Open the pregnancy test kit and remove the testing stick. Step 3: Dip the testing stick into the urine for the recommended time, as specified in the instructions.
OR Step 1-3: Depending on the kit you purchase, you can also directly pee on the testing strip at the end of the pregnancy test stick. Step 4: Remove the stick from the urine and place it on a sanitised, dry surface. Step 5: Wait for the recommended time specified in the instructions. Step 6: Read the test results. A positive result will show two lines, while a negative result will show only one line.
Reading the Results
It is essential to read the results of a pregnancy test within the recommended time, as specified in the instructions. If you wait too long, the test results may not be accurate. Additionally, if you see any faint lines or are unsure of the results, it is recommended to retake the test or confirm the results with a doctor.
Factors That Can Affect the Results of Pregnancy Tests
Medical Conditions Some medical conditions can affect the results of a pregnancy test. These conditions include ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, and certain medications like fertility drugs. Hence, it is crucial to consult with a doctor if you suspect that you have any of these conditions, as they can affect the accuracy of the test results.
Timing of the test If the pregnancy test is taken too early, it may result in a false negative as it takes time for hCG levels to increase to a detectable level. Taking the test 2-5 days before your period is best. You can also wait until a week after a missed period to take a pregnancy test.
Quality of the test The accuracy of a pregnancy test can depend on its sensitivity and quality. The sensitivity of pregnancy tests varies; some tests can detect lower levels of hCG in urine compared to others.
User error The results can be inaccurate if a pregnancy test is not used correctly. Hence, reading and following the instructions carefully and using the test at the right time of day are crucial.
What to do if the Results are Positive
Confirming pregnancy with a Doctor If the results of a pregnancy test are positive, it is recommended to confirm them with a doctor. A doctor will perform a blood test to confirm the pregnancy and determine the estimated due date. Additionally, a doctor can provide valuable information on prenatal care and what to expect during pregnancy.
First steps after confirming pregnancy After confirming pregnancy, it is essential to make lifestyle changes to ensure a healthy pregnancy. This includes eating a healthy diet, taking prenatal vitamins, and exercising regularly. Additionally, it is recommended to avoid smoking, alcohol, and certain medications that can harm the baby.
What to do if the Results are Negative
Wait and retest If a pregnancy test is too early, it may not detect the hormone hCG. So it is best to wait a few more days and then retest.
Follow up with a Doctor Suppose a pregnancy test is negative, but concerns about a possible pregnancy remain; then it is necessary to follow up with a doctor. They can perform a blood test to check for the presence of hCG, which can detect a pregnancy earlier than a urine test.
Consider other causes Other reasons besides pregnancy can cause a missed or late period, such as stress, changes in weight, and hormonal imbalances. Therefore, it is essential to consider other possible causes and discuss them with a doctor.
Conclusion
Pregnancy home test kits have made it easier for women to detect pregnancy at home. These tests are easy to use and provide accurate results within minutes. Additionally, it is recommended to confirm the results with a doctor and make necessary lifestyle changes for a healthy pregnancy.
Planning a family is a big decision &, understandably, a few people may want to delay it at any given time. Over the years, this has been possible in large part due to the development of various contraception methods.
Your choice of birth control should depend on several factors including your health, frequency of sexual activity, number of sexual partners, and the desire to have children in the future.
There are different types of contraception:
To prevent sperm from getting the eggs, contraception methods include condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps, and contraceptive sponges.
Measures that keep the women’s ovaries from releasing eggs that can be fertilized include birth control pills, patches, shots, vaginal rings, and emergency contraceptive pills.
Long terms measures for birth control include Intrauterine devices (IUD), intrauterine systems (IUS) that are implanted into the uterus. They can be kept in for several years
IUD is considered effective and safe for most women. They are also a long-lasting option. Let’s learn more about it.
What is an IUD?
An IUD may be a small T-shaped plastic or copper device that’s inserted into the uterus by a doctor or nurse. Copper ions are released inside the uterus prevents pregnancy and protects for anywhere between 3 to 10 years. It is also called a ‘coil’ or ‘copper coil’. Unfortunately, there is a lot of misinformation regarding IUD that makes the patients apprehensive about the insertion.
IUDs aren’t the only form of birth control. An alternative to that is the Intrauterine System or IUS, which prevents pregnancy by releasing hormones in the uterus.
What is the difference between IUD and IUS?
Copper IUDs are made up of plastic frames with copper coil wound around them, IUS is made up of plastic frame which consists hormones. The main difference between IUD and IUS is that IUD releases Copper ions and IUS releases a hormone called progestogen and hormone Levernorgestrel (LNG). But unlike any other contraceptive pills or hormone contraception, the hormones in IUS are local which means they only work around the area of your uterus. This means they are likely to have an impact on your mood or cause any other physical symptoms which usually occur in other hormonal contraception.
A few facts about IUD
It can be placed at any time during your menstrual cycle.
When inserted correctly it can be 99% effective.
It works as soon as it is inserted and lasts for between 3-10 years.
It can be taken out whenever you want by a trained nurse or doctor.
Your periods can be heavier, longer or more painful for 3 to 6 months after inserting in an IUD. Spotting or bleeding in between periods is also possible.
How does it work?
An IUD releases copper ions in the uterus which alters the cervical mucus, hence making it more difficult for sperm to reach the egg and survive. The copper ions released by the IUDs also work as a spermicide. It can also help a fertilized egg from being able to implant itself. Most healthy women can use an IUD. Women who are allergic to copper cannot use copper IUDs. They’re especially suited to women with one partner and at low risk of contracting an STD. IUDs don’t protect against STDs.
Benefits of IUDs
They last for a long time.
Mostly hassle-free, once inserted you or your partner don’t have to think about it.
Safe to use even while you are breastfeeding.
Cost-effective.
There are no hormonal side effects such as acne, headaches, or breast tenderness.
It is not affected by other medicines.
Does not cause obstacles to intercourse.
There is no evidence that an IUD will make you gain/lose weight or increase the risk of cervical cancer, womb cancer, or ovarian cancer.
How is an IUD inserted?
The IUD procedure takes place during a woman’s menstrual cycle (Secretary phase of the menstrual cycle). Before the procedure, a GP or nurse will check inside the vagina to understand the size and position of the womb uterus. Doctors may also test for infections such as STIs and give antibiotic medicines accordingly. After the examinations are done, the doctor will insert the IUD through the cervix and into the uterus. The entire procedure takes around 20-30 minutes to complete.
Is IUD insertion going to be painful?
The IUD insertion procedure depends from person to person. A few women may experience pain during the procedure. Your doctor knows what is best for you & may give an anesthetic or painkiller before they place the IUD. A few women may experience symptoms like cramps or bleeding once it is done. Post fitting, it is advisable to visit a GP after 3-6 weeks to make sure everything is okay.
While an IUD procedure is pretty common, it is always in your best interest to know about issues that may occur after it. Some of these include –
Heavier, painful, or longer periods. This may improve in few months.
Probability of Pelvic Infection
An IUD doesn’t offer protection from STDs.
Most of the above-mentioned side effects are extremely uncommon and if one does feel the need to use an IUD, it is advisable to consult your healthcare professional and find out if the contraceptive method is correct for you.
When you become pregnant, you initiate a life-changing journey. You also experience changes in your body, emotionally, and in your lifestyle during pregnancy with your growing baby as he/she passes through each stage of growth. You need to have information to help you make decent decisions for a healthy baby as well as your well-being.
A) Getting Pregnant
Getting Started
If you are considering starting a family, you possibly have speculated how long it will require to become pregnant when to engage in sex, and how many times.
For the majority of couples trying to get a baby, the chances that a woman will get pregnant are 15% to 25% in any specific month.
But some factors can affect your odds of getting pregnant:
Age: Your chances of becoming pregnant in any given month decline, after you reach 30 years of age, dropping sharply in your 40s.
Irregular menstrual cycles: Having an irregular cycle makes it difficult to ascertain the best time to have sex.
Frequency of sex: The chances of getting pregnant increase with the frequency of sex.
Amount of time you have been trying to get pregnant: Your chances of becoming pregnant may be lesser if you haven’t become pregnant even after 12 months of trying. Talk to your doctor about tests for female and male infertility.
Certain medical conditions can affect your chances of getting pregnant.
Understanding Menstrual Cycles
A woman’s menstrual cycle starts on the first day when they notice bright red blood and it terminates on the day before the next cycle starts. The cycle can be 21 to 35 days long or even more. If their cycle differs in length by a few days from one month to another, that is termed irregular. Numerous women do not have regular cycles and it does not essentially reflect a presence of complication.
Having Sex, Getting Pregnant
Recent evidence has demonstrated the window of opportunity for conceiving is pretty small: Basically, it’s only 3-5 days before ovulation and the day of ovulation itself. Your ideal chances are 1-2 days before ovulation.
Signs of ovulation are as follows:
Rise in normal body temperature, characteristically 1/2 to 1 degree
Higher levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), measured on a home ovulation kit
Clearer and thinner vaginal discharge, resembling raw egg whites
Breast tenderness
Bloating
Light spotting
Minor pain or cramping
Sexual intercourse is recommended every alternate day by doctors starting the week before ovulation or beginning after the end of your period. Having sex at least two to three times every week is termed ideal. As long as the man’s sperm count is normal, having sex every alternate day or even every day further elevates your chances of conceiving.
Stopping the Birth Control Pill to Get Pregnant
After stopping the birth control pill consumption, it is possible to conceive instantly, however, it may require a few months for normal ovulation to resume again.
Pre-Pregnancy Checklist for You
Even if you have not conceived yet, you can engage in multiple tasks to achieve the required health for a growing baby. Such tasks are explained below:
1. Consult your doctor.
Even if you are getting pregnant for the second time, it is a commendable indication to consult your gynecologist before conceiving. It is vital to bring your co-morbid health condition under control before getting pregnant, if you have any, as they could decrease your chances of becoming pregnant or make your pregnancy riskier. You should get a pre-conception screening test if your family carries a history of genetic diseases.
2. Visit a dentist.
It is believed that a link exists between good oral health and healthy pregnancy. The disease of gums is associated with premature birth and low birth weight. Hence, it is advisable to consult a dentist to solve any problems before getting pregnant.
3. Quit smoking and drinking.
Tobacco and alcohol during pregnancy are never advisable. They are not good for a baby’s growth and can lead to health problems in them later in their lives. Also, smoking and drinking can make pregnancy tougher and elevate your risks of a miscarriage.
4. Restrict caffeine intake.
Consuming more than 250 mg of caffeine (approximately more than 2 cups of coffee a day) could make pregnancy harder for you and also raise risks of miscarriage.
5. Eat healthily.
Avoid junk food. Consuming lots of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein daily is recommended. A healthy diet regimen before conceiving can minimize the risks of diabetes during pregnancy (gestational diabetes).
6. Bring your body weight to a healthy level.
Obesity/overweight can elevate occurrences of conditions like gestational diabetes and high blood pressure during pregnancy. It is not perceived as a good idea to lose weight during your pregnancy, so if you intend to lose weight, begin before getting pregnant.
Exercising every day not only helps you to achieve a healthy weight, but it will also bring you into shape for labor and delivery. Try to find special pre-natal exercise classes, once you become pregnant.
7. Ensure you have taken all your vaccines.
Some diseases during pregnancy might impact your baby. Visit your doctor to inquire about the vaccines you require and when you require them.
8. Inform your doctor about the medicines you consume.
Your doctor must know about all the medicines you are taking, including vitamins and supplements, as some of them could adversely affect your baby. It is suggested to initiate a prenatal vitamin or folic acid supplement to minimize your baby’s risk of birth defects.
9. Choose seafood wisely, if you are a non-vegetarian.
While you are pregnant, avoid consuming fish that are high in mercury. Consuming fish twice a week is acceptable, but avoid fish that have a lot of mercury.
Pregnancy after the age of 35
The majority of healthy women who get pregnant after 35 and even 40 years of age can conceive healthy babies. Problems can arise irrespective of your age during your pregnancy. But some become more probable, after 35 years, including:
High blood pressure, causing preeclampsia (seriously high blood pressure and organ damage)
Gestational diabetes
Miscarriage or stillbirth
Labor problems requiring a C-section delivery
Premature birth
Low birth weight
Genetic disorders in the baby
On the contrary, it is also believed that getting pregnant in your 30s is better for some ladies and their babies because of the following reasons.
Older moms incline to be better educated and have higher financial earnings, indicating better resources than younger moms.
Older moms are more likely to have longer lives.
Children of older moms may be healthier, more cooperative, and better educated.
How Can You Increase Your Chances of Conceiving a Healthy Baby?
When you decide you are ready to become a mother, take these steps before you get pregnant.
Visit your doctor: Get a checkup done to make sure you are physically and emotionally prepared for pregnancy.
Get early and regular prenatal care: The first 8 weeks of your pregnancy are vital for the development of your baby. Regular prenatal care can elevate your odds of having a safe pregnancy as well as a healthy baby. Prenatal care includes regular testing and ultrasound exams, education, and counseling. It lets your doctor stay attentive to many common health conditions. During prenatal visits, the doctor will check your blood pressure, check your urine for protein and sugar, and examine your blood glucose levels.
Take prenatal vitamins: All women of childbearing age should include a daily prenatal vitamin with at least 400 µg of folic acid, days before and during the first 3 months of pregnancy. It can support in preventing defects in the baby’s brain and spinal cord. It also adds extra protection for older women who are more probable to deliver babies with birth defects.
How Can I Lower My Risk for Pregnancy Problems?
Take care of yourself and manage any existing health problems and protect yourself from pregnancy-related disorders.
Be regular with other doctor appointments. If you suffer from a long-lasting health issue, don’t miss your regular doctor visits.
Prefer a healthy, well-balanced diet, rich in fruits and vegetables, whole grains, beans, lean meats, and low-fat dairy products. Every day, you should eat and drink ample dairy and other calcium-rich foods that will maintain your teeth and bones’ health, while your baby grows. Include food sources rich in folic acid, like leafy vegetables, dried beans, and some citrus fruits.
Gain/lose the amount of weight your doctor suggests.
Exercise regularly.
Stop smoking and drinking alcohol.
Consult your doctor about medicines during pregnancy and while breastfeeding. This includes prescription and over-the-counter medicines, supplements, and natural remedies.
Pregnancy Tests
A pregnancy test can enable you to discover whether you are pregnant. Pregnancy tests check your urine or blood for a hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Your body synthesizes hCG after a fertilized egg attaches to the wall of your uterus, usually happening about 6 days after fertilization. Levels of hCG elevate rapidly, doubling every 2 to 3 days.
Blood tests: These tests can detect pregnancy before a home pregnancy test can, about 6 to 8 days after ovulation. However, it takes a lengthier duration to get the results than with a home pregnancy test.
The two types of blood pregnancy tests are:
I) A qualitative hCG test: It just detects the presence of hCG.
II) A quantitative hCG test (beta hCG): It quantifies the precise levels of hCG in your blood. It can detect even very low levels of hCG.
Urine tests: You can use these tests at home or in a clinic. Home pregnancy tests are rapid and easy to use, apart from being private and convenient. They are also very precise if directions are followed exactly. All of these tests work comparably. You test your urine in one of these ways:
Hold the test stick in your urine stream
Collect urine in a cup and dip the test stick into it
Collect urine in a cup and use a dropper to put it into another container
You’ll need to wait a few minutes before seeing the results.
After you take this test, you can confirm your results by seeing your doctor, who can do even more sensitive pregnancy tests.
Urine home pregnancy tests are about 99% accurate. Blood tests are even more accurate.
When to Take a Pregnancy Test?
Some pregnancy tests can detect hCG before a missed period. But if you postpone testing until the first day of a missed period, the results will be more accurate. Results may also be more precise if you perform the test in the morning when your urine is more concentrated.
Early Symptoms that indicate you are Pregnant
Spotting and Cramping
Changes in Breast Size
Fatigue
Morning sickness (Nausea)
Missed Period
Frequent urination
Constipation
Mood swings
Headaches
Back pain
Dizziness or fainting
B) What to Expect during Different Trimesters of Pregnancy?
First Trimester
The first trimester refers to the first 3 months of pregnancy. It starts on the first day of your last period and continues until the end of the 13th week. Pregnancy differs for every woman. Some women demonstrate a pregnancy glow with good health while others feel depressed. Following changes might be noticed:
I) Bleeding: Around 1/4th of pregnant women experience minor bleeding during their first trimester. Light spotting may direct the implantation of the fertilized embryo in your uterus, early in the pregnancy. However, call the doctor if you experience severe bleeding, cramping, or sharp pain in your abdomen, as these events can indicate a miscarriage or a pregnancy where the embryo implants outside of the uterus (ectopic pregnancy).
II) Tenderness in your Breasts: Painful breasts are amongst the initial signs of pregnancy. They are caused by changes in the hormone levels, which enable your milk ducts to feed your baby. Your breasts will possibly remain sore during the entire first trimester.
III) Constipation: During pregnancy, high progesterone levels delay the muscle contractions that are involved in moving food through your digestive system. Additionally, iron supplements also contribute to constipation and flatulence (gas) which can cause bloating during your pregnancy. Consume more fiber-containing foods and drink additional fluids to ease this condition. Physical activity can also help. Your doctor may prescribe a mild laxative or stool softener during pregnancy.
IV) Discharge: It is common to observe a thin, milky white discharge (leukorrhea) initially in your pregnancy. Call the doctor, if the discharge is stinky, if it looks green or yellow, or if the amount of clear discharge is more than normal.
V) Fatigue: As your body is working more than usual to support a growing baby, you will get tired more quickly than normal. Rest when you feel the need. Ensure you are receiving sufficient iron through food and supplements throughout your pregnancy.
VI) Altered Food Cravings: Greater than 60% of pregnant women experience cravings for food. More than half consume foods which otherwise they don’t like. Giving in to cravings at timely intervals is fine, till you are eating healthy, low-calorie foods on most occasions. If you feel the urge for eating non-foods such as starch, report it to your doctor immediately.
VII) Increased Urination: Your baby is still pretty small, but as your uterus grows, it puts pressure on your bladder. As a result, you may experience the urge to urinate more frequently than normal. Don’t stop drinking water or other fluids, as your body needs them. However, minimizing caffeine intake is advisable, especially before going to sleep. When you feel the urge, use the washroom as soon as possible. Trying to hold the urine is not wise.
VIII) Heartburn: Your body makes extra progesterone hormone during pregnancy. It relaxes smooth muscles, including the ring of muscle in your lower food pipe. These muscles usually keep food and acids down in your stomach. When they get relaxed, you can experience acid reflux or simply, heartburn.
IX) Mood swings: Augmented fatigue and altering hormones can prove to be an emotional disaster for you. Talking to your loved ones or even consulting a specialist can be of great help.
X) Morning sickness: Nausea/Morning Sickness is one of the most frequent symptoms of pregnancy and up to 85% of pregnant women experience it. It occurs as a result of changes in the level of hormones in your body and can continue during the entire first trimester. Nausea is mild in some women, while others can experience aggressive symptoms. Try eating small, bland, or high-protein snacks and sipping water, clear fruit juice or ginger ale to ease your nausea. Avoid any foods that are harmful to your digestive system. Consult your doctor if you experience aggressive symptoms.
XI) Weight gain. Weight gain is considered a good thing during pregnancy but is not considered healthy beyond a certain level. Gaining about 3-6 pounds during the first trimester can be considered OK. You only need about an extra 150 calories per day during the first trimester, despite carrying your baby. You can achieve these levels, by consuming more fruits and vegetables, milk, whole-grain bread, and lean meat to your diet.
First Trimester To-Do’s
Becoming a mother is one of the most jubilant times in many women’s lives. However, you also need to take some practical steps during the first trimester, including:
I) Consult a doctor: As soon as you know you are pregnant, arrange a prenatal visit. The doctor will take a full medical history and discuss your lifestyle and health habits. They will comprehend your due date. You will also undergo blood and urine tests and probably a pelvic exam. Repeat your prenatal visits every 4 weeks. The doctor will check your weight and blood pressure, test your urine and examine your baby’s heartbeat during each visit. Your doctor may also prescribe some additional tests, such as tests to look for genetic problems with your baby.
II) Dietary Supplements: You will be asked to start taking a prenatal vitamin with at least 400 µg of folic acid to help your baby’s brain and spinal cord grow properly. Inquire your doctor regarding the safety of prescription and over-the-counter medicines you can still take. IITake a look at your diet and make any changes you need to make sure you and your baby get the right nutrition. Drink plenty of water.
III) Stop Smoking and Restrict Alcohol/Caffeine
IV) Maintain your Workout Schedule
Emergency Symptoms During the First Trimester
Any of these symptoms could be a sign that something is seriously wrong with your pregnancy. Don’t wait for your prenatal visit to talk about it. Call your doctor right away if you experience:
Severe abdominal pain
Heavy bleeding
Severe dizziness
Rapid weight gain or too little weight gain
Tests during First Trimester
I) Blood tests: During one of your initial examinations, your doctor will identify your blood type and Rh (rhesus) factor, screen for anemia, check for immunity to Rubella and test for hepatitis B, syphilis, and HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases.
You may be offered tests and genetic counseling to assess risks for diseases such as Tay-Sachs, cystic fibrosis, and sickle cell anemia. Tests for exposure to diseases such as toxoplasmosis and chickenpox may also be done if needed. Your health care provider may also want to check your levels of hCG, a hormone secreted by the placenta, and/or progesterone, a hormone that helps maintain the pregnancy.
II) Urine tests: You will also be asked to provide your urine sample so that to detect signs of kidney infection and, if essential, to confirm your pregnancy by measuring the hCG level. Urine samples will then be collected regularly to detect glucose and protein.
III) Genetic Testing: You will be presented with genetic testing in the latter part of the first trimester. Some people feel like these tests may cause them unwanted stress and they prefer to ensure the baby is genetically normal post-birth. Discuss with your doctor, whether genetic testing is right for you and your pregnancy. One of the first-semester genetic tests combines a blood test with an ultrasound to screen for Down syndrome. It may be available between 11 and 14 weeks of pregnancy.
IV) Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT) screening: This cell-free fetal DNA test can be done as early as after 10 weeks of pregnancy. The test uses a blood sample to measure the relative amount of free fetal DNA in a mother’s blood. It is believed that the test can detect 99% of all Down syndrome pregnancies as well as some other genetic abnormalities.
V) Chorionic villus sampling (CVS): You will be offered this test usually between 10 and 12 weeks of pregnancy in case you are 35 or older, have a family history of certain diseases, or have had positive non-invasive genetic tests. CVS can detect multiple genetic defects, such as Down syndrome, sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, and muscular dystrophy.
Second Trimester
The second trimester of your pregnancy continues from week 13 to 28. It is the middle phase of pregnancy, when you may start to see your “baby bump” and feel your baby move for the first time. The morning sickness and fatigue you may have felt during the last 3 months should diminish, as you enter your second trimester of pregnancy.
The second trimester is the easiest 3 months of pregnancy for many women. Your baby grows rapidly during the second trimester. You will have an ultrasound between your 18th and 22nd week of pregnancy, so your doctor can see how your baby is progressing. You also can learn the sex of your baby, however, it may be prohibited by law. Although you should be feeling better now, big changes are still taking place inside your body. Here’s what you can expect.
Changes in Your Body in Second Trimester
I) Pain in your lower abdomen
II) Backache
III) Bleeding gums
IV) Breast enlargement
V) Congestion and nosebleeds
VI) Discharge
VII) Dizziness
VIII) Frequent urination
IX) Hair growth
X) Headache
XI) Heartburn and constipation
XII) Hemorrhoids
XIII) Leg cramps
XIV)Quickening: By 20 weeks into your pregnancy, you will probably have started to feel the first delicate flutters of movement in your abdomen, which is often called “quickening.” If you aren’t feeling your baby move yet, don’t worry. Some women don’t experience quickening until their sixth month of pregnancy.
XV) Skin Changes:
XVI) Spider and Varicose Veins
XVII) Urinary Tract Infections
XVIII) Weight gain
Emergency Symptoms during Second Trimester
Severe abdominal pain or cramping
Bleeding
Severe dizziness
Rapid weight gain (more than 6.5 pounds per month) or too little weight gain (less than 10 pounds at 20 weeks into the pregnancy)
Jaundice
Vomiting
Profuse sweating
Tests during the Second Trimester
Here are the prenatal tests that may be performed in the second trimester of your pregnancy:
Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) and multiple marker screening: This test is an optional genetic screening test and as with all screening tests, talk with your doctor about the pros and cons to see if it is right for you. Abnormal levels indicate the possibility (but not the existence) of Down syndrome or a neural tube defect such as spina bifida, which can then be confirmed by ultrasound or amniocentesis.
Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT) screening
Ultrasounds: Ultrasounds are commonly offered after week 20. It may be offered for multiple reasons, including verification of a due date, checking for multiple fetuses, investigating complications such as placenta previa or slow fetal growth, or detecting malformations like cleft palate.
Glucose screening: This is a routine test for pregnancy-induced diabetes, characteristically done at 24 to 28 weeks, which can result in overly large babies, difficult deliveries, and health problems for you and your baby.
Amniocentesis: This optional test is usually performed between 15 and 18 weeks of pregnancy for women who are 35 or older, or have a higher-than-usual risk of genetic disorders.
Fetal Doppler ultrasound: A Doppler ultrasound test uses sound waves to evaluate blood as it flows through a blood vessel. Fetal Doppler ultrasound can determine if blood flow to the placenta and fetus is normal.
Third Trimester
The third trimester is the last phase of your pregnancy and lasts from weeks 29 to 40. During this trimester, your baby grows, develops, and starts to change position to get ready for birth.
In the third trimester, your baby keeps growing. By the end, a full-term baby usually is between 19 to 21 inches long and between 6 to 9 pounds.
Your baby begins to turn itself head-down to get ready for delivery. At week 36, the baby’s head should begin to move into your pelvic area, also called lightening. It will stay in this down-facing position for the last 2 weeks of your pregnancy.
Your baby develops in other important ways in the third trimester. During this phase, it’s able to:
See
Hear
Suck on its thumb
Cry
Your baby’s brain continues to develop. Its lungs and kidneys mature. The bones at the top of a fetus’s skull are soft to ease delivery. Most babies have blue eyes at this stage, and they’ll stay that color until a few days or weeks after they’re born.
During the third trimester, the vernix caseosa, a protective coating, covers your fetus’ skin. Soft body hair called the lanugo falls out and is almost gone by the end of week 40.
Abdominal pain
Backache
Bleeding
Breast enlargement
Nightmares
Clumsiness
Discharge
Fatigue
Frequent urination
Heartburn and constipation.
Hemorrhoids.
Leaky breasts.
Sciatica.
Shortness of breath.
Spider and varicose veins.
Stretch marks
Swelling
Weight gain
Red Flag Symptoms
Any of these symptoms could be a sign that something is wrong with your pregnancy. Don’t wait for your regular prenatal visit to talk about it. Call your doctor right away if you experience:
Severe abdominal pain or cramps
Severe nausea or vomiting
Bleeding
Severe dizziness
Pain or burning during urination
Rapid weight gain (more than 6.5 pounds per month) or too little weight gain
G) Third Trimester Tests
These tests are common in the third trimester of pregnancy:
Group B streptococcus screening
Electronic fetal heart monitoring
Non-stress test
Contraction stress test
Biophysical profile
H) Postpartum Care
Here are some steps you can take to feel better after delivery:
Limit visitors so you and baby can rest.
Get help with cleaning and meals.
Follow your doctor’s instructions for recovery.
Keep your feet raised to prevent swelling in your legs.
Sit in a warm bath to relieve vaginal discomfort.
Use creams or lotions to fade stretch marks.
Eat plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
Wear a supportive bra to relieve sore breasts.
If breastfeeding, use nipple cream for sore nipples.
Not breastfeeding? Ask your OB about breast care.
Drink water and eat fiber to prevent constipation.
Schedule a follow-up visit with your doctor.
Don’t try to lose baby weight too quickly — go slowly.
If you feel sad, talk to a friend or family member.
If sadness lasts more than 2 weeks, call your doctor.
Take care of yourself so you have more energy for your baby.
Talk to your doctor about constipation or hemorrhoids.
Make time for yourself and ask for help when you need it.
I) Pregnancy Complications
Anemia
Bleeding during Pregnancy
Abdominal Separation
Pre-eclampsia and Eclampsia
Bed Rest
Premature Labor
Miscarriage
Ectopic Pregnancy
Placenta Previa
Out of everything that we have discussed above, the most important factor is managing stress. And, feeling stressed during pregnancy is quite common because it is a time of many changes including your life, body, family, and emotions. High levels of stress can take a toll on the pregnant mother and increase the chances of a premature baby. Hence, it is paramount to seek quick help if you are experiencing prolonged symptoms. Make sure you are having a decent sleeping cycle, plenty of time with your partner, and accept help whenever on offer from a trusted source. Attend every prenatal care checkups with your doctor and monitor the baby throughout your pregnancy.
Contraceptive pills, also called birth control pills are tablets taken that contain hormones to prevent pregnancy after an unprotected sexual encounter. One of the most effective methods of birth control, oral contraceptive pills are also considered to be safe and convenient.
In India, several birth control measures are available for avoiding pregnancy, for both men and women, ranging from condoms, simple pills to even intrauterine devices. However, the majority of them are centered for use in women. Amongst these measures, a contraceptive pill is a kind of oral medicine, meant for women that are easily available in a pharmacy, used to avoid pregnancy.
How does it work?
Hormonal contraceptives usually stop the body from ovulating, inhibiting your body’s natural hormones thus preventing pregnancy i.e., fertilization of the egg. Contraception aims to avoid pregnancy by keeping the egg and the sperm apart. They also make changes in the cervical mucus, making it difficult for the sperm to go through the cervix and find an egg. These pills report a success rate of up to 99%, but only if taken regularly.
In India, several birth-control measures such as condoms, implants, birth control shots, and contraceptive pills are available, however, it is necessary to choose the right method.
Contraceptive pills are extremely safe to use, only sometimes they can result in some side-effects such as:
Nausea
Spotting or light periods
Weight gain
Sore breasts
Headaches
Abdominal pain
Blurred vision
If you start experiencing any of the side effects of contraceptive pills mentioned above for a considerable amount of time, visit a doctor to assess your situation.
Choosing the safest contraceptive pill
As per research, the best oral contraceptive pills in India include Saheli, Unwanted 21 days, Yasmin, Centron, etc. Saheli can be considered to be one of the safest of all pills as it is the only non-hormonal oral contraceptive pill available in India currently. Being non-hormonal, it is also the world’s first and only oral non-steroidal birth control pill that can avoid the occurrence of hormone-related adverse events seen with hormonal pills. Saheli, launched by HLL in 1991, is free from side effects like weight gain, nausea, vomiting, headache, etc. It contains the molecule ‘Centchroman’ (ormeloxifene 30mg). Unlike other contraceptive pill brands, Saheli does not contain hormones like estrogen or progesterone or a combination of both, thus making it one of the recommended safest birth control pills. The usual dosage is one pill per week however you can consult your medical provider and alter your dosage based on your body type.
As per an expert’s opinion, the majority of women aged less than 40, should go for the combined use of condoms and pills to ensure double safety, from avoiding pregnancy and also prevent STDs.
When it comes to pregnancy, there are various types of pregnancy tests available in the market. Pregnancy kits available in the market is the easiest way of pregnancy confirmation without any hassle. It is not only convenient but provides quick and effective results.
What is a pregnancy test kit? How does it work?
A pregnancy test is used to detect the confirmation of pregnancy. It consists of a tag that measures the fertility hormones in your semen by determining the level of HCG Hormones (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) in your urine. The pregnancy tests provide instant results; the detection of HCG usually takes 2-3 minutes for a better outcome.
Types of Pregnancy kits and how to use pregnancy kit
There are primarily two types of pregnancy kits available in the market:
Strip-based Pregnancy test kit
The most common pregnancy test consists of a strip on which urine is put in a clean tank on the strip. A dropper is provided to put 2-3 drops of urine into the test area. The strip shows results in 30-60 seconds with 3 possible outcomes:
Positive: Two red bands on the pregnancy kit strip indicates a positive test result.
Negative: One pink band on the pregnancy kit strip indicates a negative test result.
Invalid: If one band is darker than the other, it is an invalid test. It is advised to take another test the next morning to validate the results.
2. A cup test Pregnancy kit
In this type of Pregnancy test, a strip and a urine collection cup are provided; firstly, the urine is collected in the given cup, and then the strip is dropped in the cup. This test takes around 30 seconds to detect the HCG hormones in the urine and show the results, either correct, negative, or null.
Choosing the best pregnancy test kit in India
There are several pregnancy test kits available in the Indian markets, such as Preganews, Velocity, I can, MeriScreen hCG, etc. These kits are extremely easy to use and give up to 99% accurate results depending upon the brands. These test kits determine the HCG (Human chorionic gonadotropin) hormone level in urine and are available in either strip or cup forms as mentioned above. Pregnancy kits are not only easy to use but also a convenient and most affordable method to detect pregnancy.
Although a plethora of brands offers pregnancy kits, it is necessary to use the most efficient kit that gives accurate pregnancy test kit results. Here are few best pregnancy kits available in the Indian Market:
PregaNews Pregnancy Kit
ICAN Pregnancy Test Kit
Velocity Pregnancy Test Kit
A test result on a pregnancy test kit can be life-changing. Hence, it is paramount to choose the best pregnancy kit available in the market that’ll give you a quick result.
As one of the effective ways of preventing pregnancy, Contraceptives are widely accepted by the public especially the younger generation. Due to advancements in technology, the side-effects of contraceptive pills have diminished ensuring safety. People also have a wide variety of choices when it comes to contraceptives and even pregnancy kits. Pregnancy kit test results are a safe way of determining pregnancy and a variety of pregnancy kits are available in the market to understand the pregnancy status at home keeping confidentiality in check.
Birth control or contraception is a technique used to prevent pregnancy. In simple terms, it helps in preventing a man’s sperm from reaching a woman’s egg by keeping them apart to prevent ovulation (egg formation). And, if you are considering using birth control (contraception), then it is paramount to have a detailed understanding of various methods available to pick the right one for you. The decision of which method of birth control to opt for is extremely personal and there is nothing called as best choice which is safest for all women or couples. Any woman should sensibly evaluate the risks and benefits, along with the effectiveness of each method before picking on a birth control method. Also, simultaneously consider protection from the risk of HIV and certain STDs (Sexually Transmitted Disease). A clear and open discussion with your health care professional can help in this decision process.
Let us now dive deeper into understanding various methods of birth control and their effectiveness.
There are two basic categories of birth control methods: Reversible and Permanent.
Reversible methods are the methods used when a woman chooses to temporarily avoid pregnancy. These are usually suggested by the doctor when a woman has plans to get pregnant in the future. Permanent methods are the methods that involve sterilization that prevents pregnancy permanently. A woman may decide to choose these methods when she is very sure of giving no birth to children henceforth.
Reversible Methods
1. Intrauterine Contraception: An intrauterine device (IUD) is a tiny T-shaped device that your doctor inserts into your uterus. The device contains copper or synthetic progesterone that prevents pregnancy. A progesterone IUD can remain in place up for several years and is 99% effective. IUDs do not prevent sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
2. Hormonal Method: Basic hormonal methods includes implants, injections, contraceptive pills, patches, and the hormonal vaginal contraceptive ring.
– Implant: It consists of a single, thin rod that is inserted under the skin of a women’s upper arm which releases progestin into the body for over 3 years.
– Injection: Shots of the hormone progestin are given to Women every 3 months in the buttocks or arm.
– Contraceptive pills: These oral contraceptives contain the hormones estrogen and progestin. Prescribed by a doctor, this pill is taken at the same time every day. There are more than a few types of oral contraceptives available in the market and a health care provider helps to determine which type best meets a woman’s needs.
– Patch: A thin, plastic patch is placed on the buttocks, lower abdomen, or any side of the arm. That patch is responsible for releasing hormones through the skin into the bloodstream. A new patch is applied once a week for 3 weeks, and no patch is used on the fourth week to enable menstruation.
– Hormonal vaginal contraceptive ring: This thin, flexible ring (approx. 2 inches in diameter) is inserted into the vagina, where it releases hormones for 3 weeks. It delivers a combination of Ethinyl estradiol and a progestin. This method may not be recommended for women with certain health conditions like high blood pressure, heart disease, or certain types of cancer.
3. Barrier Methods: This approach consists of male condoms, female condoms, diaphragms or cervical caps, and spermicides in various forms including gels, foam, or tablets.
– Male condoms: This condom is a thin sheath that covers the penis to collect sperm and prevent it from entering the woman’s body. Male condoms are generally made of latex or polyurethane.
– Female condoms: Female condoms (also known as internal condoms) are thin, flexible plastic pouches that are inserted into the vagina before having sex. They also protect against unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
– Diaphragms or Cervical caps: These are shallow, flexible cup made of latex or soft rubber that is inserted into the vagina before intercourse, blocking sperm from entering the uterus.
– Spermicides: They aim at killing the sperm cells. Usually applied within 1 hr of intercourse, spermicides come in several forms such as gel, foam, film, or a tablet. They are usually placed for 6-8 hours after the intercourse to rule out any possible pregnancy.
4. Fertility Awareness: This is another way to avoid pregnancy. Here you need to understand your fertility pattern and avoid sex on those days when you are fertile or use any other barrier method instead. This approach of birth control usually sees 75% and 96% effectiveness.
Permanent Methods
1. Female Sterilization – Tubal Ligation
In this method, a woman’s fallopian tubes are tied or closed so that the sperm cells don’t come in contact with the eggs. This procedure is effective and can be performed at a hospital or an outpatient center under the guidance of a doctor.
2. Male Sterilization – Vasectomy
This procedure prevents sperm from mixing with semen during ejaculation. This surgical approach blocks the path between testes and the urethra. The sperm doesn’t leave the testes and fails to reach the egg. It is observed that in some cases it can take as long as up to 3 months to see the full effectiveness of the procedure.
Talk to your doctor about the type of birth control method you choose and understand all the pros and cons in detail. There is no one standard procedure that is considered the best for all and hence it is important to consider your and your family’s needs to make the right choice.\
